Publications
2014 |
S. MIGNOT & A.VIGNES, Enchérir ou négocier : Existe t-il une forme optimale de marché ? G. BALLOT, J.D.KANT & O.GOUDET Un modèle multi-agents du marché du travail français, outil d’évaluation des politiques de l’emploi. L’exemple du contrat de génération |
2013 |
G.BALLOT, F.FAKHFAKH, F.GALIA & A.SALTER, The Fateful Triangle Complementarities in PERFORMANCE between Product, Process and Organizational Innovation in France and the UK F.FAKHFAKH, M.MERLATEAU, V.PEROTIN & A.ROBINSON avec la collaboration de A.CHTOUROU, Épargne salariale, rémunérations et emploi, Une étude économétrique en France et en Grande-Bretagne |
2011 |
CARDI O. & RESTOUT R., Unanticipated vs. Anticipated Tax Reforms in a Two-Sector Open Economy BALLOT G. & TAYMAZ E., Love Thy Neighbor. A firm based multi-country model with international technology spillovers and growth regimes BLOT J., CAYEMITTE J-M. & GAUMONT D., Why are there no firms without stocks of unsold goods? DENICOLO V. & HALMENSCHLAGER, Optimal patentability requirements with fragmented patent rights BALTAGI B-H. & G.BRESSON, A robust Hausman-Taylor estimator J.BEUVE & C.DESRIEUX, Relational contracts and the Dynamics of Contractual Incompleteness J.BEUVE & C.DESRIEUX, Reputation and Contractual Incompleteness. Experimental Evidence J.BEUVE & C.DESRIEUX, Relational Contract and Endogenous Contractual Incompleteness. Experimental Evidence J. De BRUX & C.DESRIEUX, To Allot or Not to Allot Public Services in Europe ? An Incomplete Contract Approach E. BIRMELE, F. DELBOT, C LAFOREST & N. THIBAULT, Analyse du nombre de perturbations lors du maintien d'un arbre de connexion de faible diamètre E.VALAT, Why is Over-Education Higher for Ethnic Minorities? The Role of Job Information Networks M. Merlateau, Incitations monétaires, satisfaction et motivation au travail : les apports de la neuroéconomie G.BRESSON, J-M. ETIENNE & P. MOHNEN, How important is innovation? A Bayesian factor-augmented productivity model on panel data E. BRIER, W. FANG & D. NACCACHE, How to Scatter a Secret? B. CHUNG, S. MARCELLO, A-P MIRBAHA, D. NACCACHE & K. SABEG, Operand Folding Hardware Multipliers O. CARDI & R. RESTOUT, Fiscal Shocks in a Two-Sector Open Economy L. BERTINELLI, O. CARDI & P. SEN, Deregulation Shock in Product Market and Unemployment G. BALLOT, F. FAKHFAKH, F. GALIA & A. SALTER The Fateful Triangle Complementarities between Product, Process and Organizational Innovation in the UK and France G.BRESSON & C.HSIAO, A Functional Connectivity Approach for Modeling Cross-Sectional Dependence with an Application to the Estimation of Hedonic Housing Prices in Paris N.HAYEK, A generalization of mixed problems with an application to multiobjective optimal control E.VALAT, Homophily in Social Networks, Word-of-MouthCommunication and Employment Inequalities J-M CHEVET, S. LECOCQ & M.VISSER, Climate, Grapevine Phenology, Wine Production and Prices: Pauillac (1800-2009) |
2010 |
B.CRETTEZ, B.DEFFAINS & O.MUSY, On Legal Cooperation and the Dynamics of Legal Convergence B.CRETTEZ & L.MORHAIM, On The Existence of a Competitive Equilibrium in a The Discrete Time Version of The Romer Model A.DUPONT-KIEFFER & A.PIROTTE, The Early Years of Panel Data Econometrics A.PIROTTE & J-LMADRE, Determinants of Urban Sprawl in France: An Analysis using a Hierarchical Bayes Approach on Panel Data E.ANGEL, E.BAMPIS & N.THIBAULT, Randomized Truthful Algoritms for Scheduling Selfish Tasks on Parallel Machines L.BLIN, C.LAFOREST, S.ROVEDAKIS & N.THIBAULT, Hardness Results and Heuristic for Multi-groups Interconnection A. DIRER & M. VISSER, The inuence of sellers on buyers: the case of portfolio choices J.JUNG & J.MERCENIER, Routinization-Biased Technical Change, Globalization and Labor Market Polarization: Does Theory Fit the Facts? A.PIROTTE & J-L. MADRE, Car Traffic Elasticities: A Spatial Panel Data Analysis of French Regions P-A. PUHANI, The Treatment Effect, the Cross Difference, and the Interaction Term in Nonlinear “Difference-in-Differences” Models J-M Cayemitte La Trimestrialisation du PIB réel d’Haïti pour les Méthodes de Chow-Lin, Fernandez et Litterman D.GAUMONT & M.KOUKI-ZEKRI, Is there any asymmetric information in a cross-sectional insurance data set? The impact of Aversion To Effort O-A. Vasechko, M-O. ALBIZZATI & M. Grun-Rehomme, Les jeunes conducteurs : surprimes ou fidélisation ? |
2009 |
BRESSON G., A Differential Spatial Game of Cruise Lines and Land-Based Tourism Strategies in the Caribbean Mignot S., Tedeschi G. et Vignes A., Differences in selling mechanisms, differences in prices: the case of the Boulogne s/mer fish market Vignes a., Etienne j-m., Can an exchange market be studied as a buyer-seller network? The case of the Marseille fish market Fakhfakh F., Grazia C., Hammoudi A. et Merlateau M-P. Normes sanitaires et phytosanitaires et question de l’accès des pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest au marché européen : une étude empirique FAKHFAKH F., PEROTIN V. et ROBINSON A., Workplace Change and Productivity : Does Employee Voice Make a Difference? FAKHFAKH F., PEROTIN V. et GAGO M., Productivity, Capital and Labor in Labor-Managed and Conventional Firms FEVRIER P., LINNEMER L. et VISSER M., Testing for asymmetric information in the viager market THAIZE CHALLIER M-C., Real Individual Incentive Wages, Self-Efficacy, Reciprocity, and Technology ALTAGI B.H. et PIROTTE A., Panel Data Inference Under Spatial Dependence THAIZE CHALLIER M-C, Socio-political conflict, social distance, and fiscal policy distortion in historical perspective CARDI O. et RESTOUT R., Permanent vs. temporary fiscal shocks in a two-sector open Economy Baltagi B.H. et Bresson G., ML estimation and LM tests for panel SUR with spatial lag and spatial errors : An application to hedonic housing prices in Paris THAIZE CHALLIER M-C., Governance versus Exclusion: The Evolution of Property Rights through Formal and Informal Institutions. Evidence from Medieval Economy Baltagi B.H. et Pirotte A., Seemingly Unrelated Regressions With Spatial Error Components Gaumont D. et Leonard D., What is the Natural Weight of the Current Old ? |
2008 |
BALLOT G. et E. TAYMAZ, Love Thy Neighbor : A simulation study on international technology spillovers and growth regimes GOBILLON L., MEURS D. et ROUX S., Structural model of gender wage discrimination THAIZE CHALLIER M.C, Social cohesion, polarization, social conflict and fiscal policy : Evidence from the redistribution in the French medieval town decision rights THAIZE CHALLIER M.C, Payment Schemes and Technology Characteristics : An Examination of a Class of Contracts CARDI O., Habit Persistence in Consumption and Effectiveness of Fiscal Policy in an Open Economy FACCARELLO G., Galimatias simple ou galimatias double ? Sur la problématique de Graslin BRESSON G., ETIENNE J-M, and LEGROS D., Households gasoline expenditures in French communes :a two-part hierarchical model with correlated random effects BRESSON G. and LOGOSSAH K., Crowding-out effects of cruise tourism on stay-over tourism within the Caribbean. A non parametric panel data evidence BRESSON G. and HSIAO C., A Functional Connectivity Approach for Modeling Cross-Sectional Dependence with an Application to the Estimation of Hedonic Housing Prices in Paris MAGNANI R. and MERCENIER J., On Linking Microsimulation and Computable General Equilibrium Models Using Exact Aggregation of Heterogeneous Discrete-choice Making Agents JUNG J. and MERCENIER J. , A Simple Model of Offshore Outsourcing, Technology Upgrading and Welfare BRÖCKER J. and MERCENIER J., General Equilibrium Models for Transportation Economics FOUGERE M., HARVEY S., MERCENIER J. and MERETTE M., Population Ageing, time allocation and Human Capital : a General Equilibrium Analysis for Canada CARDI O., Chocs des Termes de l'Echange et Ajustement non Monotone du Solde Courant CARDI O., The Crowding-Out Effect and Habit Persistence in Consumption CARDI O. and RESTOUT R., Tax Reform in Two-Sector General Equilibrium AMIR R. and HALMENSCHLAGER C., R&D-Induced Industry Polarization and Shakeouts CAPPELLARI L. and LUCIFORA C., The "Bologna Process" and College Enrolment Decisions |
2007 |
MEURS D. PONTHIEUX S., The gender wage gap in Europe : Women, men and the public sector. MEURS D., PAILHE A. and PONTHIEUX S., How much does it cost to stay at home ? MAS D., Market selection of competent venture capitalists. GRUN-REHOMME M. and BEN REJEB A., Modeling moving feasts determined by the islamic calendar : Application macroeconomic Tunisian time series. FACCARELLO G. and STEINER Ph., Political economy and religion in early 19th century France, keeping faith : Religious belief and political economy. CHARPIN F., Gestion alternative de portefeuilles d'actions : La performance d'une stratégie zéro-bêta. AMIR R. and HALMENSCHLAGER C., R&D-Induced inter-firm heterogeneity and industry shake-outs. ALI H., LECOCQ S. and VISSER M., The impact of gurus : Parker grades and en primeur wine prices. ABDELMOULA M. and ETIENNE J.-M., What determines R&D investment in French firms ? A two-part hierarchical model with correlated random effects, knowledge for growth. NARCY M., La discrimination salariale au sein des secteurs associatif et privé français LANFRANCHI J., LARGUEM M. et NARCY M., Satisfaction dans l'emploi des salariés du secteur sans but lucratif en Europe MAS D., VIGNES A. and WEISBUCH G., Networks and syndication strategies : Does a venture capitalist need to be in the center ? GRUN-REHOMME M. and SCHWER KEITH R., Risk experience, avoidance, and opinions of taxi drivers in a violent workplace environment BEN-LAGHA N. et GRUN-REHOMME M., Application de la théorie des valeurs extrêmes en assurance automobile. VASECHKO O. A. and GRUN-REHOMME M., Administrative and statistical register in business statistics of Ukraine BALTAGI B.H., BRESSON G. and PIROTTE A., Forecasting with spatial panel data BRESSON G., ETIENNE J.-M. and LEGROS D., Two-part hierarchical model with correlated randm effects : An application on households gasoline expenditures in French communes BRESSON G., HSIAO C. and PIROTTE A., Assessing the contribution of R&D to total factor productivity - A bayesian approach to account for heterogeneity and heteroscedasticity. BRESSON G., LOGOSSAH K. et PIROTTE A., L'industrie de croisière aux Caraïbes tend-elle à évincer l'industrie du tourisme de séjour ? CARDI O., Fiscal expansion in a semi-small open economy with habits CARDI O. and RESTOUT R., Tempory fiscal expansion in a two-sector small open economy model CARDI O., Habit formation and fiscal policy in a semi-small open economy BALTAGI B.H., BRESSON G. and PIROTTE A., Testing the fixed effects restrictions ? A Monte Carlo study of Chamberlain's minimum Chi-Squared test ETIENNE J.-M. et NARCY M., Les femmes sont-elles moins discriminées dans l'associatif que dans le privé ? Une analyse par quantile AMRAOUI M., Estimating continuous-time stochastic volatility models : An application to the crude oil during the gulf crisis |
2006 |
LANFRANCHI J. and NARCY M., Wages and effort in the French for-profit and nonprofit sectors : Labor donation theory revisited ELAYNAOUI J.-P. K., Une investigation du lien pauvreté - Marché du travail dans le contexte du Maroc. LANOUAR C., Is it possible to discriminate between structural breaks model and long memory processes : Methodology approach and empirical evidence ? LANOUAR C., Which is the best model for the us inflation rate : Structural changes model or a long memory process ? LANOUAR C., A varieties of spurious long memory process HAMMOUDI H. and HATIT W., Multinationals and the training of workers in the hostcountry tariff-jumping argument revisited GUSDORF F. and HAMMOUDI H., Heterogeneity, climate change, and stability of international fiscal harmonization GIRAUD-HERAUD E., HAMMOUDI H. and RAMANI S.-V., On the existence and uniqueness of price equilibrium with multi-store firms CAPAROS A., GIRAUD-HERAUD E., HAMMOUDI H. and TAZDAIT T., On coalition formation with heterogeneous agents GIRAUD-HERAUD E., HAMMOUDI H. and SOLER L.-G., Food safety liability and collective norms CESARETTI G.P., GREEN R. and HAMMOUDI H., Organizzazione territoriale agroalimentaire : Tra rete di "prossimita geografica rete di" "prossimita virtuale" MAS D. and VIGNES A., Why do we need venture capitalists ? The role of competent intermediairies in the creation process. BALLOT G., ELIASSON G. and TAYMAZ E., The role of commercialization competence in endogenous economic growth. HALMENSCHLAGER C.and MONTOVANI A., Market Expansion and Elasticity Improvement as Complementary Marketing Activities CHARFEDDINE L. and GUEGAN D. Can the sup LR test discriminate between different switching regressions models: Applications to the U.S..GNP and the US/UK exchange rate ? LEHMANN E., A search model of unemployment and inflation EHMANN E. and VAN DER LINDEN B., Search friction on product and labor markets VASYECHKO O., BENLAGHA N. et GRUN-REHOMME M., Comparaison de méthodes de détection des valeurs extrêmes : Application en statistique d'entreprise. VIGNES A., Quand l'individu sort de l'anonymat du marché BRESSON G., HSIAO C. and PIROTTE A., Heteroskedasticity and random coefficient model on panel data |
2005 |
LOTZ S., SHEVCHENKO A. and WALLER C., Intensive vs extensive margin tradeoffs in a simple monetary search model MEURS D., PAILHE A. et SIMON P., Mobilité intergénérationnelle et persistance des inégalités : L'accès à l'emploi des immigrés et de leurs descendants en France ABDELMOULA M. and BRESSON G., Patents and R&D spillovers in some european regions : A dynamic count panel data model HAMMOUDI H. et HATIT W., Menace de débauchage et incitation des multinationales à la formation de la main d'oeuvre dans les pays hôtes : Un modèle théorique. GAUMONT D., SCHINDLER M. and WRIGHT R., Alternative theories of wage dispersion. MEURS D. and PONTHIEUX S., The gender wage gap in Europe : Women, men and the public sector BALTAGI B.H., BRESSON G. and PIROTTE A., Panel unit root tests and spatial dependence LEGROS D. et NARCY M., Secteur sans but lucratif français et "don du travail" MEURS D. and VIGNES A., Could I do that ? The influence of beliefs and social norms on women seeking jobs. |
2004 |
LOTZ S., SHEVCHENKO A. and WALLER C., Heterogeneity and lotteries in monetary search models. LOTZ S. and ROCHETEAU G., The repeated failures of the one-dollar coin. LEHMANN E., Laisser faire ou régulation ? Une synthèse des théories économiques. GALIA F. and LEGROS D., Research and development, innovation, training, quality and profitability: Evidence from France. HAMMOUDI H. et HATIT W., Firmes multinationales et formation de la main d'oeuvre dans le pays hôte : Le "tariff-jumping Argument" revisité. HALMENSCHLAGER C., Spillovers and absorptive capacity in a patent race. BALTAGI B.H., BRESSON G. and PIROTTE A., Joint LM test for homoskedasticity in a one-way error component model. HUNGERBUHLER M., LEHMANN E., PARMENTIER A. et VAN DER LINDEN B., Les négociations salariales modifient-elles le profil de taxation optimale ? LEHMANN E. and VAN DER LINDEN B., On the optimality of search matching equilibrium when workers are risk adverse. RIVAUD-DANSET D. et VIGNES A., Candide, le capital risque et ses deux marchés. BRESSON G., MADRE J.-L. and PIROTTE A., Is urban sprawl stimulated by economic growth ? A hierarchical Bayes estimation on the largest metropolitan areas in France. LUCIFORA C. and MEURS D., The public sector pay gap in France, Great Britain and Italy. BALTAGI B.H., BRESSON G. and PIROTTE A., Adaptive estimation of heteroskedastic error component model. DHARMAPALA D. and LEHMANN E., A median voter theorem for postelection politics. |
2003 |
GALIA F. Compétence et gestion des ressources humaines de l'industrie française dans une perspective d'innovation GALIA F. and LEGROS D. Knowledge management and human resource practices in an innovation perspective : Evidence from France SKALLI A., Are successive investments in education equally worthwile ? Endogeneous schooling decisions and non-linearities in the earnings-schooling relationship ETIENNE J.M. and SKALLI A., Health status and socio-economic inequalities: A review of the French litterature BEN ABDELKARIM O. and SKALLI A., Education and economic inequality in France. A survey of the litterature LANFRANCHI J. and LARGUEM M. Subjective well-being in France : A first look at existing evidence and available information LAUER Ch., Education and unemployment : A French-German comparison GAUMONT D., Subsidizing retirement date, learning-by-doing and growth FAKHFAKH F. and FITZROY F., Dynamic monopsony : Evidence from a French establishement panel FAKHFAKH F. and FITZROY F., Basic wages and firm characteristics : Rent-sharing in French manufacturing BRESSON G. et LOGOSSAH K., Hétérogénéité de l'offre et de la demande touristiques des communes de la Martinique : Une estimation non paramétrique sur données de panel LAUER Ch. and WEBER A.M., Employment of mothers after childbirth: A French-German comparison HALMENSCHLAGER C., R&D-Cooperating lagards versus a technological leader GAUMONT D. and LEONARD D., Endogenous labor, human capital formation and growth HUNGERBÜHLER M., LEHMANN E., PARMENTIER A. and VAN DER LINDEN B. Optimal income taxation in an equilibrium unemployment podel : Mirrlees meets Pissarides CARLIER G. and GAUMONT D., Fixed-wages, wages differentials : The role of workers' heterogeinities HALMENSCHLAGER C., Les externalités de diffusion du savoir-faire permettent-elles de rattraper le retard dans les courses à l'innovation GALAM S. and VIGNES A., Fashion, creativity and efficiency : An application from physics GAUMONT D., Subsidizing retirement date, learning-by-doing and growth GERGAUD O. and VIGNES A., Twilight of the idols. first results from a champagne experiment |
2002 |
GAUMONT D. and MICHEL Ph., Characteristics of good and competitive equilibrium PIROTTE A., Bayesian econometrics and skinkage estimators FAKHFAKH F. and FITZROY F., Basic wages and firm characteristics : Rent-sharing in French manufacturing LOTZ S., Introducing a new currency : Government policy and prices ASKENAZY P., GAUMONT D. and LE VAN C., Labor productivity, unemployment benefits and effort aversion CARLIER G. and GAUMONT D., Note on wage differentials, fixed-wages and adverse selection BALTAGI B.H., BRESSON G. and PIROTTE A., Fixed effects, random effects or Hausman-Taylor ? A pretest estimator BALTAGI B.H., BRESSON G. and PIROTTE A., A comparative study of pure and prestest estimators for a possibly misspecified two-way error component model BRESSON G., Nonstationary Panels : Panel unit root test and panel cointegration BRESSON G., MADRE J.-L. and PIROTTE A., Forecasting demand for public transport in Paris region : Comparison between a time-series and a panel data econometrics approaches MEURS D. and PONTHIEUX S., Family type and women's participation to the labor market: differences between 7 EU countries LANFRANCHI J. et TREBLE J., Technology, work organisation and absence control COLES M., LANFRANCHI J., SKALLI A. and TREBLE J., Pay, technology and the cost of worker absence LANFRANCHI J., OHLSSON H. and SKALLI A., Action collective et rémunération des horaires atypiques LAUER Ch., A model of education attainment. Application to the German case LAUER Ch., Family background, cohort and education. A French-German comparison GALIA F. et LEGROS D., Les obstacles à l'innovation : Etude empirique sur données françaises |
2001 |
BILLOT A., The dark side of preference theory BILLOT A., How liberalism kills democracy or Sen's theorem revisited GUILLE M., Student loans : A solution for Europe ? PIROTTE A., Convergence of the static estimation toward the long run effect of dynamic panel data models : an empirical illustration BALTAGI B.H., BRESSON G. and PIROTTE A., Comparison of forecast performance for homogeneous, heterogeneous and shrinkage estimators. Some empirical evidence from U.S. electricity and natural-gas consumption BALLOT G. FAKHFAKH F. and TAYMAZ E., Who benefits from training and R&D ? The firm or the workers ? A study on panels of French and Swedish firms BESANCENOT D., HUYNH K. et VRANCEANU R., Dette publique : Du risque d'insolvabilité au risque d'illiquidité BESANCENOT D. et VRANCEANU R., Technological change, acquisition of skills and wages in a search economy BESANCENOT D. and VRANCEANU R., Quality uncertainty and welfare in a search economy BESANCENOT D. et VRANCEANU R., Quality leaps and price distribution in an equilibrium search model HAMMOUDI A., ARNAUD C. et GIRAUD-HERAUD E., Harmonisation des taxes à la consommation : Le cas des boissons alcoolisées MENG Xin & MEURS Dominique The gender earnings gap : effects of institutions and firms. A comparative study of French and Australian private firms BRESSON B. and PIROTTE A., Another look at variance estimators of two-way error component model : A simulation study BALTAGI B.H., BRESSON G., GRIFFIN J.M. and PIROTTE A., Homogeneous, heterogeneous or shrinkage estimators ? Some empirical evidence from French regional gasoline consumption LANFRANCHI J., OHLSSON H. and SKALLI A., Compensating wage differentials and shift work preference. Evidence from France BESANCENOT D., HUYNH K. and VRANCEANU R., Growth patterns under imitation in the investment decision GAUTHIER S., On Determinacy in rational expectations models |
2000 |
OHLSSON H., Ownership and production costs - Choosing between public production and contracting out. HOCHGUERTEL S., Compensatory inter vivos gifts. BRESSON G., MADRE J.-L. and PIROTTE A., Comparison of forecast performances of car traffic : Time series analysis versus panel data econometrics. BRESSON B. et PIROTTE A., Estimation des élasticités. Prix et revenu de différents postes de consommation : Une comparaison européenne. BRESSON G., DARGAY J., MADRE J.-L. and PIROTTE A., The main determinants of the demand for public transport : A comparative analysis of England and France. Using shrinkage estimators. CAHUC P. et LEHMANN E., Allocation compensatrice de revenu ou réduction des cotisations patronales sur les bas salaires. GUILLE M. and SKALLI A., The return to education in France : A sensitivity analysis. BESANCENOT D., HUYNH K. and VRANCEANU R., Growth patters under imitation in the investment decision. GAUMONT D. and LE VAN B., Unemployment benefits and the Phillip's loops. GAUMONT D. and MESNARD A., Inheritance, land and capital mobility linked to labour mobility. LEHMANN E., Unemployment as the outcome of a political process : Minimum wage of negative income tax ? |
1999 |
BALLOT G. and TAYMAZ E., Firm sponsored training and performance : A comparison between french and swedish firms. BALLOT G. and TAYMAZ E., Training policies and economic growth in an evolutionary and world. BALLOT G. et HAMMOUDI A., Le financement de la formation générale et concurrence oligopolistique. SKALLI A., DOLTON P. and LANFRANCHI J., Executive pay the role of compensating and performance elements. GUILLE M. and SKALLI A., The returns to human capital : a review of the french empirical literature. GIRAUD G., Incomplétude stratégique dans les jeux de marchés compétitifs. GIRAUD G., Multiple and bounded implementation of instransitive equilibria with public goods and increasing returns. |
1998 |
GIRAUD G., Note sur le concept de concurrence parfaite. PATRAT N., Une modélisation de l'économie française en temps continu. BELIN J. et DEBRAND-BONAPETIT T., Evolution des stocks et facteurs financiers. BRESSON G. et DEBRAND-BONAPETIT T., Demandes simultanées de facteurs, coûts et vitesses d'ajustement : Une application sur données d'entreprises. DUPUY K. and LANFRANCHI J., Relative or absolute performance ? French plant's choice of bonus scheme. GAUMONT D. and MESNARD A., Altruism and international labour migration. MENG X. and MEURS D., Gender wage differential and occupational segregation in France. LUNDHOLM M. and OHLSSON H., Who takes care of the children ? SKALLI A., Implicit preferences of France and Germany's central banks : 1980-1996. LAITNER J. and OHLSSON H., Bequest motives : A comparison of Sweden and the United States. |